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Title: Research in Parapsychology 1981
Author : Robert L. Morris
Release Date : January 01, 1982
Genre: Spirituality,Books,Health, Mind & Body,
Pages : * pages
Size : 2905 KB

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Russell Targ (SRI International)

The prevailing scientific description of time incorporates the useful Minkowski concept of space-time. Using a diagram, we can depict a time line with the past on the left (-t), the future on the right (+t), and the present somewhere in between. This line is crossed by a space axis to define “here and now.” In such a diagram, one is led to the common view that time “flows” from the past to the future through the present. It is our purpose here to show that time does not flow, and that the prevailing concept of flowing time is logically incoherent and is strongly contradicted by the data of parapsychology. Out of this analysis, we can also develop an argument against the so-called irreversible arrow of time, while recognizing that entropy may still increase and certain events may in fact be irreversible.

In an effort to describe the data of precognition in our own and other laboratories, I have tried to construct some minimal definitions of what can be said about our understanding of the nature of time. It must first be clear that events define time, rather than the other way around. I would propose that in a universe without events, there would be no time, since the evidence of time comes from keeping track of events. As the earth orbits the sun and we count the orbits, we say that the higher-number orbits come later in time than the lower-number orbits.

The usual idea of causality is also derived from this definition. Nothing that happens on orbit 16 can be changed by anything that happens during orbit 17. And, if the earth were to be destroyed in orbit 16, that would have a great effect on the debris seen in orbit 17. This is the ordinarily observed rule that earlier causes precede later effects.

However, there are convincing data in parapsychology that run counter to this view. For example, Cox’s paper (JASPR, 1956, 47-58) on the 28 documented train wrecks between 1950 and 1955, shows that significantly fewer people chose to ride trains on days when they were going to crash than on previous corresponding days of the week in earlier weeks or months. That is, the crash of the train at some time t1 in the future appeared to cause its regular riders to refrain from getting on the train at their usual time, at some earlier to. Similarly, in the precognition dream experiments of Krippner et al. (JASPR, 1971, 192-203), with Malcolm Bessent, randomly chosen target experiences were prepared blind by an experimenter each day after Bessent awoke. In one case, this resulted in Bessent’s having ice cubes dropped down his back a short time after he had a dream about ice cubes. We are persuaded that one can most correctly describe this sequence of events by saying that Bessent’s night-time dream of cold and ice cubes (etc.) was caused by the experience that he would have the next morning.